The Fifth Child Essay -- literary Analysis, Doris Lessing

The unpredictable multifaceted nature and incredibly practical portrayals of room in Doris Lessing’s The Fifth Child marvelously enlightens society’s desperate failure to adapt to it’s blemish. Society requests faultless flawlessness, a world liberated from deformity, and the desire to live in an immaculate ideal world drives the ID and disposal of unrefined invalids. These ruined people are dreaded and regarded to be uncouth ruffians who must be put past the guests of working society to guarantee an uncorrupted world. Less attractive creatures are thrown into heterotopias or â€Å"counter-sites† while society denies their reality and fakes flawlessness. Lessing’s tale tears this picture down and hurriedly uncovered society’s wretched endeavors to underestimate, fault, and outcast those viewed as irregular and useless in the as far as anyone knows impeccable world. In The Fifth Child the unequivocally executed heterotopia of the organization draws on this hypothesis of an equal space as a container for undesired bodies and Harriet, the mother of a hostile mammoth, is casualty to society’s severity. Harriet is a pariah and her amazingly horrendous collaboration with the unfeeling organization further estranges her from her family and hopelessly throws her into her own turbulent heterotopia. All through the novel Harriet’s striking contrasts are compared against the cultural patterns of the time and she is usually seen as a lost peculiarity. Early depictions in The Fifth Child characterize Harriet as irregular and her picture puts her outside of the hearty and transitional society where she lives. Harriet is an inquisitive nonconformist and she â€Å"sometimes felt herself awful and lacking in some way† (10). This acknowledgment of odd idiosyncrasies soon establishe... ...ly enlightens and abuses the contemptible perspectives and issues in the public arena. The epic represents society’s elitist disposition and unreasonable minimization of people who are viewed as ruffian, invalid and twisted through Harriet. Her nerve racking associations with the eminently created and horrendous establishment features the woeful endeavors of society to uproot people and discard them past their working guests. Moreover, Harriet’s matches with the foundation lead to her distance from the world. She is viewed as horribly unnatural, condemned, and left alone to bring up her troublesome child Ben. Plainly Harriet’s sad collaboration and association with the unpleasant organization reveals society’s unforgiving air and shows the awful and unsalvageable fracture between misconstrued, impossible to miss people and the world.

To what extent can the doctrine of the hypostatical union be traced Essay

Whatever degree can the precept of the hypostatical association be followed back to the educating and profound act of early Christian church - Essay Example While it may be enticing to state the way that the early Christian development was some way or another uneducated or deficient to observe key degrees of philosophical deduction, people at the cutting edge of creating Christian religious philosophy were in many cases the most instructed citizenry of that specific period. In like manner, as opposed to diving into a wide conversation of the false impressions and contradictions that existed inside early Christian idea, this specific investigation will rather concentrate explicitly on the issue of difference identified with what is known as the hypostatic association which was comprehended to have been displayed inside the individual of Christ as he lived on earth. In straightforward terms, the hypostatic association means the way that Christ displayed both a perfect and genuine nature nearby a human one. In spite of the fact that this is excepted prima sash among practically all devotees of the Christian confidence inside the present wor ld, it was a lot of difference and contention that existed inside the early church as teachings were planned and religious philosophy dependent on Christ’s nature was characterized. Thusly, the accompanying examination will try to furnish and authentic outline and plan with respect to how these contrasting methodologies at last came to be considered as Christian ordinance all through the ages. Before digging legitimately into the issue of a meaning of the hypostatic association, it is important to welcome the way that this specific term didn't begin with early Christian convention as well as religious philosophy. Rather, hypostasis was initially begat by the emotionlessness development inside old Greece; as indicating being of two natures simultaneously. As people inside the Stoic development tried to fuse this idea inside their day by day lives, it was an applicable term that was known among instructed people inside the early Christian

Add 10 Custom CSS ReadMore Button in Blogger Template

Add 10 Custom CSS ReadMore Button in Blogger Template Generally Blogger Readmore button used for navigating in post page. However without ReadMore option we can navigate to post page by clicking on Post title. But ReadMore button will add a stylish look in Blogger template and Blog visitors will easily navigate to the full content. Formerly in Blogger template we used to see ReadMore link or instead of link some designer use Image. Only ReadMore link is not attractive and Image has another problem that if it deleted from Image hosting server then ReadMore button won't visible appropriately on Blogger template. So using CSS is safe for Blogger because you won't face any trouble to use it. So in this tutorial I will show you some usual and unique stylish CSS ReadMore button which can be add in your Blogger template to give them a new Look. Before proceeding to the tutorial you have to find out your template ReadMore code. Majority Blog designer use .jump-link code but some blog designer use . post-more-link so if your template designed with .jump-link code then straight you can add the Custom ReadMore button code from below. However if your template ReadMore code start with . post-more-link code the simply replace all .jump-link code with . post-more-link code and after that apply the code in your Blogger template. Though I have added this code for the majority user. But those who are using my designed template they will find the ReadMore code start with . post-more-link code. So you have to replace the code first. For Example: .post-more-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .post-more-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; background:#333333; color:#ffffff; margin:14px 14px 14px; padding:12px 12px 12px; text-decoration:none; font:120% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; } .post-more-link a:hover { background:#F80505; color:#ffffff; } Add 10 Custom CSS ReadMore Button in Blogger Template Please follow the below steps- Step1Log in to yourBlogger Accountand Go to yourBlogger Dashboard Step2Click on Now click on-Template-Edit HTML Step3Now find the/b:skinby pressing Ctrl+F Step4Copy any code from below and Paste the code above/before/b:skin ReadMore Button 1 Code for Button Style 1 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; background:#333333; color:#ffffff; margin:14px 14px 14px; padding:12px 12px 12px; text-decoration:none; font:120% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; } .jump-link a:hover { background:#F80505; color:#ffffff; } ReadMore Button 2 Code for Button Style 2 are below- .jump-link { float:right;margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; padding:6px 6px 6px; color: #000000; margin:10px 10px 10px; font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; background-color:#F8FAFD; text-decoration:none; border-left:10px solid #05A8FC; box-shadow:1px 1px 2px gainsboro; transition: border-left .777s; -webkit-transition: border-left .777s; -moz-transition: border-left .777s; -o-transition: border-left .777s; -ms-transition: border-left .777s; } .jump-link a:hover { border-left:10px solid #FC2B2C; color:#222222; } ReadMore Button 3 Code for Button Style 3 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; padding:6px 6px 6px; color: #000000; margin:10px 10px 10px; font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; background-color:#F8FAFD; text-decoration:none; border: 1px solid #cccccc; border-bottom: 4px solid #03DA03; box-shadow:1px 1px 2px gainsboro; transition: border-left .777s; -webkit-transition: border-left .777s; -moz-transition: border-left .777s; -o-transition: border-left .777s; -ms-transition: border-left .777s; } .jump-link a:hover { border-bottom: 4px solid #003F80; color:#222222; } ReadMore Button 4 Code for Button Style 4 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; padding:6px 6px 6px; color: #000000; margin:10px 10px 10px; font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; background-color:#F8FAFD; text-decoration:none; border:3px dashed #000000; border-bottom:5px solid #000000; box-shadow:1px 1px 2px gainsboro; transition: border-left .777s; -webkit-transition: border-left .777s; -moz-transition: border-left .777s; -o-transition: border-left .777s; -ms-transition: border-left .777s; } .jump-link a:hover { border:3px dashed #000000; color:#222222; } ReadMore Button 5 Code for Button Style 5 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; color:#FFFFFF; margin:5px 4px 5px 10px; padding:9px 10px 9px 10px; font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; background-color:#000000; text-decoration:none; text-transform:uppercase; box-shadow:4px 4px 0px rgba(33,33,33,0.45); } .jump-link a:hover { background-color:#05B6F8; color:#FFFFFF; } ReadMore Button 6 Code for Button Style 6 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; color:#333333; margin:5px 4px 5px 10px; padding:9px 10px 9px 10px; border:5px dashed #000000; border-bottom-right-radius: 30px; border-top-left-radius: 30px; font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; text-decoration:none; text-transform:uppercase; } .jump-link a:hover { border:5px dashed #0572F8; color:#0572F8; } ReadMore Button 7 Code for Button Style 7 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; color:#333333; margin:5px 4px 5px 10px; padding:9px 10px 9px 10px; border:5px dotted rgb(251, 10, 38); border-bottom-right-radius: 30px; border-top-left-radius: 30px; font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; text-decoration:none; text-transform:uppercase; } .jump-link a:hover { border:5px dotted #000000; color:#333333; } ReadMore Button 8 Code for Button Style 8 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; color:#333333; margin:5px 4px 5px 10px; padding:9px 10px 9px 10px; border: 3px dashed #E2E2E2; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; text-decoration:none; text-transform:uppercase; } .jump-link a:hover { border: 3px dashed #000000; color:#333333; } ReadMore Button 9 Code for Button Style 9 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; color:#333333; margin:5px 4px 5px 10px; padding:9px 10px 9px 10px; border: 5px double #B8B4B4; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2); -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; border-radius: 5px; font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; text-decoration:none; text-transform:uppercase; } .jump-link a:hover { border: 5px double #000000; color:#333333; } ReadMore Button 10 Code for Button Style 10 are below- .jump-link { float:right; margin:1% 1%; } .jump-link a { text-align:center; display:inline-block; color:#333333; margin:5px 4px 5px 10px; padding:9px 10px 9px 10px; border: 8px inset #0572F8; font:100% 'Oswald',Sans-Serif; text-decoration:none; text-transform:uppercase; } .jump-link a:hover { border: 8px inset #05B6F8; color:#333333; } Step5Finallyhit theSavetemplatebutton. Customization To change the Button color just change color code only from code block. You can avail the different color from ourColor Picker. If you have any query regarding this tutorial or need further support then feel free to leave a comment below.

What Is the Biggest Animal in the Ocean

The biggest animal in the world is a mammal that lives in the ocean. It is the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), a sleek, blue-gray giant. About the Blue Whale Classification Blue whales are a type of baleen whale known as a rorqual, the largest group of baleen whales. Baleen whales are characterized by the flexible filter in their gaping mouths that they use for sifting tiny prey from the water. Blue whales are filter-feeders, not fierce hunters. They drift slowly through the water and feed leisurely and opportunistically. Size Blue whales are thought to be the largest animal ever to live on the Earth, let alone the largest animal still living. They can reach lengths of up to 100 feet and weight between 100 and 150 tons. Diet and Feeding Blue whales, like other whales with baleen, eat only very small organisms. Because of their mammoth size, it takes massive amounts of tiny fish and crustaceans to satisfy a blue whales appetite. The blue whale feeds primarily on krill and may eat up to four tons of them per day. They feed seasonally and store energy in their blubber for later use. Behavior These gentle mammals are mostly solitary but often travel in pairs. They migrate to warmer water when winter arrives and often feed near coastlines, the only time that they can be spotted close to the shore. Blue whales are always on the move and can communicate with each other across hundreds of miles. They reproduce a single offspring every few years and their young stay close until they no longer require their mothers milk. Where to Find Blue Whales Blue whales are found in each of the worlds oceans but their populations have been severely depleted by the whaling industry. Blue whale populations had declined so much at harpoon whalings beginning that the species was given protection from hunting in 1966 by the ​International Whaling Commission.  It is because of this initiative that blue whales are still alive. As of 2019, there are an estimated 10,000 blue whales in the world. Blue whales prefer to live very far beneath the oceans surface where food is plentiful and obstacles are few. Populations have been found in the northeast Pacific ocean, Indian ocean, north Atlantic ocean, and sometimes parts of the Arctic ocean. Though blue whales are much too large to be kept in captivity, they can be seen if you know where and when to look. To have a chance at seeing a blue whale in the wild, try whale watching off the coast of California, Mexico, or Canada during the summer and fall. Other Big Ocean Animals The sea is full of huge creatures. Here are a few more of them. Fin whale: The second largest animal in the ocean is the fin whale, another baleen whale. These slippery mammals come in at an average length of 70 feet.Whale shark: The largest fish is the whale shark, which can grow to be about 65 feet and weigh up to about 75,000 pounds.  These also live on a diet of krill and plankton!Lions mane jelly: The largest jellyfish is the lions mane jelly. It is possible that this animal could, in rare cases, surpass the blue whale in length—some estimate that its tentacles can stretch 120 feet. The Portuguese man o war  is another large jelly-like creature that is not technically a jellyfish, but a siphonophore. It is estimated that the man o wars tentacles can be 50 feet long.  Giant oceanic manta ray: The largest ray is the giant oceanic manta ray. Their wingspan can be up to 30 feet and they can weigh up to 5,300 pounds. These docile creatures live in warm waters and are commonly seen leaping several feet out of the water. They are said to have the largest brain of any fish. Sources â€Å"Blue Whale.† NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources.Carwardine, Mark. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. Dorling Kindersley, 2010.â€Å"Giant Manta Ray.† Oceana.Gorter, Uko. â€Å"Blue Whale.† American Cetacean Society, 2018.Mead, James G., and Joy P. Gold. Whales and Dolphins in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book. Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002.â€Å"The Marine Mammal Center.† The Marine Mammal Center.

A Harmonious Clash Of Moby Dick Essay - 1913 Words

A Harmonious Clash HOOK. In Moby Dick by Herman Melville, Ishmael blindly signs up for a whaling expedition with the monomaniacal Captain Ahab. The reader is able to experience Ahab’s farcical obsession through Ishmael’s stable point of view from the beginning of the journey to the tragic fate of the Pequod. Melville writes Moby Dick in manner where Ishmael and Ahab’s personalities differ, yet compliment one another. Ishmael’s reflective, equanimous, and detached perspective heavily contrasts with Ahab’s reactive, erratic, and obsessive personality, making them complementary characters. While Ishmael provides a stable lens into the life aboard the ship, Ahab’s fiery temperament is what progresses the narrative. Ishmael’s isolation and position as an objective outsider allows all readers to identify with him. The first words read in Moby Dick are, â€Å"Call me Ishmael† (Melville 18). In the bible, Abraham and Sarah cannot have any children so th ey ask their maidservant, Hagar, to essentially be a surrogate. She successfully gives birth to Ishmael, however, then Sarah miraculously became pregnant with Isaac. Seeing as Ishmael is technically illegitimate, Sarah convinces Abraham to banish Hagar and Ishmael to the desert so that Issac, her biological son, can become the next patriarch (Genesis). Therefore, when Melville’s narrator suggests to â€Å"call [him] Ishmael,† he is telling the reader that he, too, is an exile or outcast. This idea projects on a bigger scale in the

The Community Of Mount Vernon - 1182 Words

Although Mount Vernon, Ohio is a small city, it contains a very caring and proactive community of people who want to help those in need. This attribute of the citizens of Mount Vernon can be clearly seen in the great number of services and shelters available to people in crisis situations. One of the services offered is the Winter Sanctuary, an emergency homeless shelter in Mount Vernon that provides the homeless with a place to stay during the frigid winter months. I spent two hours visiting this shelter along with one of my classmates, Faith Aleshire. We were able to speak with three homeless women at the shelter, and we learned a bit about their life stories. This experience has broadened my understanding of homelessness and how the†¦show more content†¦The harsh lifestyle that these women endured could be seen on each of the women’s faces, which looked worn and calloused from the cold. The women were wearing clothes that were clearly from a second-hand store, and they were wearing several layers of soft fabrics. The shelter provided several services to help these women get back on their feet. About fifteen beds, complete with bedding and warm blankets, were placed about the room. A space heater was located in a corner next to a television set. A bathroom and showers were provided, as well as laundry facilities. One of the objects in the room that surprised me with its usefulness was a computer. All three of the women at the shelter were unemployed. During our visit with them, one of the ladies was working on filling out job applications on a computer provided by the shelter. They told each other about various job openings that they had come across earlier in the day. They even mentioned that they would like to apply for employment at the new Mount Vernon Grand Hotel. Obtaining a job is the first step to getting back on their feet. I realized that the shelter was very wise in providing a computer for the residents to use for this purpose. During our visit, two volunteers from the Salvation Ar my brought a chicken and noodle casserole and a few loaves of bread for the residents. I was surprised by the variety of services that were provided by the Winter Sanctuary, and it was clear that each of

Learning Drug Misuse Among College Students â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Learning Drug Misuse Among College Students? Answer: Introduction The current topic focuses on the concept of the use of stimulants and its effect in on enhancing the academic performance of an individual. These are known as smart a drug which aggravates the process of educational doping. The drugs may vary in its expression within the community and the particular age groups. Recent surveys and evidences have suggested that Australian students use smart drugs at a rate higher than the Us and the Germany based students. In the current assignment, the case study of Wasim had been highlighted who a 29 year old boy is studying at an Australian University. He had come across this facebook post where most of his friends had been using smart drugs for enhancing their educational performances. However, Wasim is sceptical about the affectivity of these drugs in improving the grey matter quotient of an individual. Moreover, sufficient research and past exposure to a similar situation have helped Wasim in understanding that these smart drugs are suggested for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment. Reports and evidences have suggested that though the intake of the drugs can have some positive Impacts initially. However, long term use of the drugs can make an individual dependent and reduce their power of cognition. Analysing Authors expertise, qualifications and affiliations For the current context, two separate articles have taken into consideration for focussing upon the effect of drugs academic performance improvement. Therefore, the expertise, qualifications and affiliations possessed by the author of each separate article have been dealt with separately. Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach (Hildt et al. 2014) The author seems to be working in the areas of psychiatry and psychotherapy along with philosophy. Out of these, KL and AGF belong to the department of psychotherapy and psychiatry, of the University medical centre Mainz, Germany. KL is the head of the department of psychotherapy and psychiatry, AGF is a trainee in the department. EH belongs to the department of philosophy and is an expert in the areas of Neurotics. EH, AGF, KL participated in conception of the study and design. The interviews were performed jointly by EH, CB, MC and AGF,. The transcriptions for the interviews were performed by DL. AGF and EH analysed the data and designed separate categories. Most of the authors participated in interpretation of the data, drafting of the report and in the revision of the manuscript. The affiliations of the authors are as follows: Department of philosophy, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Department of psychiatry psychotherapy, University medical centre The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes (Munro et al. 2017) The articles have been authored by four different authors B.Munro, L. Weyandt, M. Marraccini, D. Oster. Weyandt and Munro have feelowship programs in interdisciplinary neuroscience program, University of Rhodes island, US. Oster works in the University of psychology, University of Rhodes island, US, whereas, Maricinni belongs to the Alpert medical school, brown university. Relation of conflicts of interest to the study findings There are a number of issues which often becomes a hurdle in the path of publication of the report. Some of these are reported in the form of conflicts of interest which often challenges the authenticity of a research publication. The COI often arises due to disparity where some of the points mentioned by the author do not qualify with the reality based evidences (Schelle et al. 2015). The development of such conflict of interest can often arise due to credit not given to an author for his specific contribution in the research paper and findings. For the present study the major conflict of interest have come from some of the other peer reviewed journals where the concerned author has claimed that the stimulants can actually be prescribed under serious conditions for improving the cognitive and thinking power of an individual. However as argued by Betancourt et al. (2013), the long term use addictive substances can have other serious health implications or reduce the self esteem of an individual in the long run. Research question aims/ hypothesis Article: Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach Research question A critical research question here would be whether the participants of the interview actually felt positive changes within their academic performance with the use of the drugs The present study aims to reduce the lack of scientific and empirical data about factors and real world effects on academic performance enhancement. Article: The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes Aims: the study was focussed on EF globally and considered as a determining factor of the cognitive ability and thinking power possessed by an individual. Research hypothesis: The articles consist of two different research hypotheses such as: Students with reported cognitive deficits were more likely to use illicit academic performance stimulants To test the second outcome which is aimed at finding out the effect of NMUPs on cognitive functioning and academic outcomes an ANNOVA test was performed Authors justification of the need of the study The author highlights the emerging trend within the present Australian context where majority students have been seen to be dependent upon the use of stimulant to enhance their academic performance. However, a number of contradictions are observed to be present with the use of such illicit drugs to enhance the academic performance of individuals (Arria Compton, 2017). Some of the limitations which have been further reported through research and study are increased dependency in the students for the use of illicit drugs which reduces their self esteem. Additionally, the same had also been seen to have other serious health mental and physical exaggerations. In the present case study wasim had reportedly found a connection between the use of smart drugs for the treatment of conditions such as the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, unsupervised medications over longer periods of time could resulted in development of unexplained stress or melancholic situation by alteri ng the serotonin and dopamine concentration in the brain (Shepherd et al. 2016). Methods and methodology of research used in the study The methodology adopted for the present study design was qualitative in nature where open ended questionnaires were placed in front of the students. The students were asked a number of different questions and the interview responses collected were grouped into similar and disimilar responses. The similar responses were grouped into themes, which were further evaluated during the interview process. The interview recordings were made into transcript which was used for further comparative analysis. The participants were invited for the interview through the distribution of placards in the University billboards. An information sheet was displayed depicting sufficient information about the use of particular kind of drugs and the effects of the same on the health and cognition of the students. A list was provided asking the students regarding the illicit and non-supervised use of psycho stimulants such as amphetamines, methylphenidate. The students were asked to share their details anonymously. However, healthy students without any history of psychotic issues and disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity or schizophrenia or using psycho addictive medications such as Ritalin were considered for the study. The questionnaire was designed using set rules or guidelines where full confidentiality was maintained regrading the data collection procedure. This also helped in preserving some of the important details that is the such as the personal identities of the participants. The questions were asked mainly related to the surrounding conditions which the student towards the intake of such addictive drugs. They were also inquired regrading the amount of changes which was reflected among their grades and marks. Justifying the research methodology and the methods used study The researcher has used a qualitative research design for the data collection and analysis. In this respect, the students were interviewed on a face to face regarding the various situations or factors which might have force d them to undertake the use of such simulants for enhancing their academic performance. The structured open ended questionnaires thrown towards the students helped in the evaluation of the parameters which affects the cognitive and thinking ability of a person. participants in the study The participants selected were 18 healthy university students who had been reportedly using unsupervised medication or stimulants for the enchantment of their academic performance. The students were interviewed in a face to faces set up regarding the conditions or the situations which triggered the use of such substances by the students. The questions were also farmed covering the initial or the changed feelings of the students brought about by the consumption of the stimulants. The analysis provided by the students were used further for arriving at a suitable conclusion regarding the effects of the drugs and the influences the consumption of the same may produce on the cognitive thinking and abilities of a person(Nargiso et al. 2015). Hypothesis supporting the findings /conclusion A strong correlation has been seen to exist between poor performance in academics and the use of stimulants. Therefore, the evidences suggested by the authors have been truly justified where academic grades have often increased peer pressure among the students for the use of such drugs (Werry et al. 2013). Barriers to application of evidence in practise A number of limitations are thrown towards the application of the evidences in real life situations. This could be attributed to the contradictory views possessed by different educational concerns. Additionally, lack of sufficient knowledge among the student population regarding the use of such drugs and its health impacts can also affect dictate their preferences (Luca et al. 2016). Similarly, lack of sufficient support from allied educational concerns can also serve as a limitation. Alignment of the research studies with the PICO elements Factors Methods and outcome Patient, population, Problem In the current situation, 18 healthy university students were selected for a face to face interview where they were asked questions regarding the illicit use of smart drugs for enhancing academic performance Intervention supportive counselling framework provided to the students during the experiment duration to evaluate the effect of the effect the detachment the stimulants have on the students Comparison The data recorded from the students using stimulants were compared with the ones not using stimulants to analyse the effect of the same on students academic performance Outcome The students were subjected to follow up along with motivational interview sessions in order to understand the improvement in the overall academic grades of the students. Table 1: PICO (Source: Hildt et al. 2014) References Advokat, C., Scheithauer, M. (2013). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulant medications as cognitive enhancers.Frontiers in neuroscience,7. Arria, A. M., Compton, W. M. (2017). Complexities in understanding and addressing the serious public health issues related to the nonmedical use of prescription drugs. Arria, A. M., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Cook, E. T., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., Baron, R. A., OGrady, K. E. (2013). Drug use patterns in young adulthood and post-college employment.Drug and alcohol dependence,127(1), 23-30. Betancourt, J., Ros, J. L., Pagn, I., Fabin, C., Gonzlez, A. M., Cruz, S. Y., ... Palacios, C. (2013). Non-medical use of prescription drugs and its association with socio-demographic characteristics, dietary pattern, and perceived academic load and stress in college students in Puerto Rico.Puerto Rico health sciences journal,32(2). Clayton, H. B., Lowry, R., August, E., Jones, S. E. (2015). Nonmedical use of prescription drugs and sexual risk behaviors.Pediatrics, peds-2015. Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university studentsa qualitative approach.BMC medical ethics,15(1), 23. Kennedy, J. N., Bebarta, V. S., Varney, S. M., Zarzabal, L. A., Ganem, V. J. (2015). Prescription stimulant misuse in a military population.Military medicine,180(3S), 191-194. Luca, S. M., Franklin, C., Yueqi, Y., Johnson, S., Brownson, C. (2016). The relationship between suicide ideation, behavioral health, and college academic performance.Community mental health journal,52(5), 534-540. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes.Addictive behaviors,65, 250-257. Nargiso, J. E., Ballard, E. L., Skeer, M. R. (2015). A systematic review of risk and protective factors associated with nonmedical use of prescription drugs among youth in the United States: a social ecological perspective.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs,76(1), 5-20. Schelle, K. J., Olthof, B. M., Reintjes, W., Bundt, C., Gusman-Vermeer, J., van Mil, A. C. (2015). A survey of substance use for cognitive enhancement by university students in the Netherlands.Frontiers in systems neuroscience,9. Shepherd, J., Meteyer, K., Bruzios, K., Pol, J., Charpentier, M. (2016). Normative perceptions of peer substance use and party-related behaviors.InSight: Rivier Academic Journal,12(1). Skidmore, C. R., Kaufman, E. A., Crowell, S. E. (2016). Substance use among college students.Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics,25(4), 735-753. Watkins, W. C. (2016). A social learning approach to prescription drug misuse among college students.Deviant Behavior,37(6), 601-614. Werry, J. S., Aman, M. G. (Eds.). (2013).Practitioners guide to psychoactive drugs for children and adolescents. Springer Science Business Media.

An Easier Life with Diabetes

An Easier Life with Diabetes Free Online Research Papers I have been a Diabetic since 1960. Experience has showed me that over time new and better options become available to assist someone with controlling their Diabetes. Using new techniques and technologies or both often provides better control. Changes may be required if control is not being obtained using what you are using. I’ve made a few changes over time. First of all, I was using a long acting insulin called Lantus. Due to side effects of Lantus, it caused me to faint at various times unexpectedly. Second, the inconvenience of carrying syringes, insulin, and alcohol wipes around with you everywhere you go can be a constant annoyance and even life threatening if you forget them. Finally I switched to an insulin pump which does not use long acting insulin, or require those types of supplies and can provide better management of Diabetes. I switched to using an insulin pump to make my life easier. Over the period of time I’ve had Diabetes, I have used several types of insulin. Doctors determine the choice of what type you should be on, and you use it. There are prompt, short, intermediate, and long-acting insulins, and you may have to use a combination of them. Always striving for the best control, you may be advised by your Doctor to switch to a different insulin type. I was advised to switch to Lantus, so I did. This worked well for me for a while, however eventually I started to get one of the side effects of using Lantus, which was fainting. While at work I fainted twice. It took some time for me to figure out it must be the Lantus insulin that made me faint, but then I knew something had to change. Although it is not fun to change, maybe changing again will be an improvement this time. One of the constants with Diabetes, you always have to prepared for what could occur. It is best to always have your blood monitor with you, to know what your blood sugar level is at. In case of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar level) you should always carry food with you to bring you out of it. In case of hyperglycemia (high blood sugar level), you should carry insulin, syringes, alcohol wipes, and something to carry all this in, so when you need to take a shot, you can do so. Sometimes people will ask you, â€Å"Hey, what’s in the bag†? Then you have to explain, this is all my Diabetes stuff. If you forget any one of these items it can be serious. Not having food with hypoglycemia, not having insulin or the supplies to give yourself a shot if you get hyperglycemic, and not having your blood monitor are things you always need to have with you. It’s an annoyance, but a necessity. Although I know these are all a necessity, I discovered insulin pumps ar e quite resourceful in the methods they use to control Diabetes. After taking shots over 40 years, it was very satisfying to switch to using an insulin pump. I don’t have to take shots several times a day, just do a Bolus when insulin is needed. I don’t have to carry around syringes, needles, as the insulin pump has its own supplies that are used with the pump, and they don’t have to be carried around. It holds up to 300 units of insulin, which is about 3 days worth of insulin. It has many options that someone taking shots cannot do. It supplies a basal rate of insulin, meaning it gives you insulin constantly, and the rate given can be adjusted per hour. Temporary basal rates can be set when doing strenuous exercise or work, to prevent hypoglycemia. You can easily give a bolus amount of insulin, either manually, or let the bolus wizard calculate the amount of insulin you require. My pump, the Medtronic Minimed, can also use a real time continuous glucose monitor, which monitors your blood sugar level, and displ ays it on the pump. With all options the pump can do, gaining control seems closer to me, and a better way of life seems likely. I am now using the Medtronic Minimed insulin pump, to control my Diabetes the best I can, and make my life easier. It uses short acting insulin which I have no side effects to, I don’t have to carry supplies with me, and the pump provides the best control available I believe. Improvements for controlling Diabetes keep coming, and I’m very thankful for them. Research Papers on An Easier Life with DiabetesGenetic EngineeringLifes What IfsThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Purposes of Government essays

Purposes of Government essays The United States Government has six main purposes. They are as follows: to form a more perfect union, to establish justice, to ensure domestic tranquility, to provide for the common defense, to promote the general welfare, and to secure the blessings of liberty. Evidence of these purposes can be found in a number of places. News articles are an example of one of these places. The first article I chose is about the conflict between Iraq and the U.S./world. The article is mainly about President Bushs speech to the U.N. He is demanding action. He said that if the U.N. wont do anything that the U.S. would move alone. He talked about how Iraq has been disobeying and disregarding the U.N. for years without consequence. Another point made by the president was the fact that Iraq has admitted to producing mass quantities of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. The Iraqi representative denied this and most other accusations. The reactions of the people there were mixed. Many totally agreed with Bush. Many agreed with what he said but disagreed with his solution. Many just needed more information. This speech got many plans into action. The U.S. is now working with many different countries to devise a plan of action. The plan is basically, as of Thursday, to try one more weapons inspection, possibly along with a military threat, and if they ref use to take action against them. To show his faithfulness to the U.N. after his challenge, Bush announced that the U.S. will rejoin the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, or UNESCO. This article is an example of the government promoting the general welfare. The president is trying to stop Saddam Hussein because he is a threat to U.S. people as well as all the people of the world. The other article I chose was about the conflicts in our justice system in how to try t ...

Reading Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Reading Reflection - Essay Example In the same note, applying critical appreciation in the course of the reading, one has to be aware of the historical context of the text. It must be duly noted that the story was written in 1894. Dismissing this fact would yield confusion to the reader if to be taken within the understanding to today’s standards. This significant piece of work can easily be associated to a feminist reading with the patriarchal concept of a traditional family in mind. The story opens with a quick and stimulating fact that was to develop the theme of the text. The story begins with the disclosure of the heart ailment of Mrs. Mallard and the apprehension to reveal to her the news of her husband’s death in a railroad mishap. Immediately, the audience is revealed to the circumstances of the characters with Louise being married to Brently Mallard with no indication of a child produced between them. The news of her husband’s death was given to her in a very calculated manner as her sist er Josephine and close friend Richards were afraid how she will take the news. Also, they fear that it might cause her to break down and that her heart ailment may get the best of her. The characterization of Mrs. Mallard was established in her reaction to the news. â€Å"She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same, with a paralyzed inability to accept its significance† (Chopin, 1894). This indicates the fact that she is not like everybody else. The author gives the sense that Mrs. Mallard is different from the typical wife as portrayed in society. The conventional depiction is that of a woman who would not be able to get over the grief over the lost of a member of her family particularly of her husband. Culture tells us that women during those times were subservient to the needs of the husband. Inculcated was the notion of the typical wife who serves as the homemaker ready to serve her husband and to answer for his every need. This is the concept of a tradit ional family that we know. But Mrs. Mallard was different. Her reaction to the death tells us that there is more to the desires and wants that she would like that transcend the kitchen of her house. Right after the ‘storm of grief’ and her immediate tears, Mrs. Mallard wanted to go to her room alone. The succeeding scene painted a metaphor for her newfound liberty. A window is opened and she looks beyond it and saw sparrows and the clouds. Suddenly, everything was more vivid. She was made aware of the freedom of the birds and the color of the sky as though she had never noticed them before. The twittering of the birds and the blue sky ahead of the cloud was revealed. She props herself in a chair and looks out, here the author gives a more or less physical description of her. The narrator of the story speaks of a calm and young woman reflecting a â€Å"suspension of intelligent thought† (Chopin, 1894). This builds up the prospect of a woman who has her whole life ahead of her beyond the tragedy of being a widow, a whole life on her own without a husband to think about. The death served as her epiphany. This reinforces the implied truth that their union is not a happy one. There are many ideas that they be attributed to the cause of this. For instance, the marriage may be forced and that there is really no love or the concept thereof that we have, at one point she thought of her love for him as being fleeting at infrequent moments. The probability of

The influence of economic and political forces on environmental policy Assignment

The influence of economic and political forces on environmental policy development - Assignment Example s, scientists, farmers, ranchers, and climatologists agree that there is urgent need to avail enough water for the purposes of harnessing the agricultural potential of Texas. Even with the rains coming to Texas in the near future, the meteorological department warns that the process of desertification shall go on for more than a century into the future. This is a worrying trend given that Texas comes only second in agricultural production behind the state of California. There are several political and economic issues which should be addressed on this front. While this is a campaign plan, the issues are real and affect all Texans on equal measure. First of all, besides worrying about the conditions of their lawns and gardens, Texans should be aware of the fact that drought affects agriculture with far-reaching effects. The drought increases the cost of inputs of production translating to higher prices for products to the final consumer. The loss of agricultural productivity will not only affect Texans; the rest of the country will have to compensate for the slowing output through higher prices and raised taxes. Scientists have predicted that it is almost inevitable for drought conditions to manifest in Texas (Kelly, 2009). The rainfall models and history for this state and concluded that desertification is eminent. Producing over 50% of the cotton and over 30% of the wheat in the United States, Texas is an agricultural pillar that should not be left to wither. The year 2011 saw to a loss of $3.18 billion in the combined cotton, hay, wheat, sorghum, and corn. Ranchers in the same year had to transport cattle to water points, fetch water and transport it to the cattle, or lose their businesses entirely. In the livestock sector, a total loss of $2.06 billion was recorded. The agricultural sector in general lost at least $8.7 billion in 2011. These costs continue rising as the drought persists in its ravaging (Lauren & Scott, 2011). Another economic issue adversely

Composition About Film Essay Example for Free

Composition About Film Essay The film that I saw last week is about the dangerous art of extraction valuable secrets from deep within the subconscious during sleep, when the mind is most vulnerable. The main character of the film called Cobb. He is a talented thief, the best of the best in his work. At the beginning of the film we see Cobb’s dream in which he with his wife lived in their town that they create alone in unexpected for me and I was surprising when I saw how in our dream we can see people who not existent in the reality. Then the point is that Cobb’s command received the proposition to change some events in the life of one of the richest company in the world. They had to do that this company fell down and other man who managing other company could be the first and control others. If Cobb, and his command do this he promise Cobb to help him with law, because as we know he was a thief and all police search him and that’s why he can’t returned home to his children. For this work he must to find a new architecture, because without him it will be not possible. Architect a specialist defining illusory world for another dream. The purpose of the architect when extracting designed sleep so sleep could not distinguish it from reality and create a sleeping most complex maze of sleep, from which the victim could not easily escape. The complexity of this work was that this dream consisted of three levels, that is to say they must to reach the deepest within of the subconscious to change what they want. Now their task not to steal an idea, but to implement it. If they succeed, it will be the perfect crime. I realized they done this work in the best way. To my mind this film is very interesting and exciting, but it is necessary to understand . It is fantastical, but as for me it was interesting to see what we can do when we sleep.

The Accident - Original Writing Essay -- Papers

The Accident - Original Writing I can hear the boisterous wind charging through the icy caverns of the station. My polished, black leather shoes pad against the escalator stairs, as I rub at the chafing collar of my shirt, aware of the irritating dampness. Everything seems to be going against me. Morality has a vice-like grip on my stiff shoulders, and it is beginning to yank me back. Gripping the cold handle of my briefcase offers some reassurance, but remembering the contents sends an ominous shiver up my spine. They did not say the first job would be so hard. The grime, embedded in the rugged tiles, adds to the dingy, depressing surroundings. A crumpled crisp packet flits across the surface, as another tube roars past. It is as if I have just entered the minotaur's den, and luckily escaped the clutches of the savage beast. I begin to walk more briskly, as an unpleasant stench wafts from the nearby toilets. Have they never heard of such a thing as disinfectant or cleaners? Inefficiency is a rapidly spreading disease, and it needs a cure soon. Failure to succeed, especially in my line of work, has inconceivable consequences. The relative quiet is broken by the monotonous drone of the loudspeaker dictating various platforms, and a raucous group of youths. I glower at them as they began ridiculing a humble tramp who is coughing vigorously, blatantly distressed. My moral arrow tells me I should go and prevent this, however the objectives involved include avoiding all human contact. The one on the left hand side, a stocky teenager with a crew cut and a hideous earring, begins making offensive gestures with his free hand, the oth... ... enveloped the tube. Muffled groans broke the silence. The sprucely dressed man with polished hair flicked on his lighter, and activated his phone beam. Beside him was a balding man, blood oozing from a deep gash in his chest. The man with the lighter sat up abruptly, a concerned look on his face. He hastily removed his jacket, and applied it to the wound, in an attempt to prevent the blood loss. The balding man grunted, croaking for assistance. A creased picture caught the eye of the suavely dressed man. It was beside the ravaged hand of the balding man. He frowned, recognising the picture's familiarity. On the back, scribbled in red writing, was the word target. Before acting, he reached for the weighty briefcase that was crushing his foot. He began to click it open. The balding man's left eye fluttered open.

Idolatry and Quote

â€Å"Sometimes at pagan shrines they vowed offerings to idols, swore oaths that the killer of souls might come to their aid and save the people. † (Beowulf, pg. 13, lines 176-179) a) The main point of this quote is that the Danes, or people of Hrothgar’s kingdom, started asking for help from false idols, breaking the first two commandments of God, and that they are also asking the Devil, Satan, to rid them of his own creation, Grendel. They are retreating to their paganism, their original religion, and they are worshiping the opposite of God (good), Satan (evil). ) This quote connects to one theme in Beowulf: Good conquers evil. The Danes should not resort to their paganism because God will help them at his own pace and even if they die, they will be forever unified with Him in Heaven. They shouldn’t ask Satan, the killer of souls, for help because they will receive nothing in return and they will rot in hell during their after-life. Good will always defeat evil even if it doesn’t seem like there is any hope. God will answer their prayers as long as they have faith and remain free of false idol worship.An interesting idea or words in this quote is that the author reveals to us that the Danes resorted to paganism even though they knew God would save them and even though they knew they were breaking God’s commandments. The author is trying to warn readers to not resort to false idol worship in times of struggle because God will save us and even if we die due to any particular reason, the reward will be Heaven and being united with God forever. 2. â€Å"Undaunted, sitting astride his horse, the coast-guard answered: Anyone with gumption and a sharp mind will take the measure of two things: what’s said and what’s done. (Beowulf, pg. 21, lines 286-289)The main point of this quote is that true warriors will do what they say and they are not all talk but no action. The guard of Hrothgar says this to Beowulf and his tr oops, and he is saying that a great leader must speak as well as deliver. A great leader and warrior has the ability to speak and to act accordingly. This quote reveals to us that someone who can deliver what they say has wit, fortitude, spirit. b) This quote connects to one theme in Beowulf: Actions speak louder than words. Setting an example and being a leader does not only mean being able to give a good speech.One must be able to perform what they say without hesitation to be regarded as a mighty warrior and true leader. If you are considered to be a mighty warrior with wit, fortitude and spirit, you must be able to do what you say you can do. c) An interesting idea or words in this quote is that the author uses a guard to challenge Beowulf’s identity to prove to us that he is truly a hero and that he does what he says to others. This also reveals to us that Beowulf is a great leader and that he is not afraid to take on any evil, like Grendel, that stands in his way. . â⠂¬Å"With measured words she welcomed the Geat and thanked God for granting her wish that a deliverer she could believe in would arrive to ease their afflictions. † (Beowulf, pg. 43, lines 625-628) a) The main point of this quote is that Wealtheow, queen of Hrothgar, asked God for a hero to save them all from Grendel and her prayers were answered when Beowulf came to rid them of their troubles and pain. Beowulf is the deliverer, which refers to Jesus as the Messiah and as the Saviour of sins.He came to rid them of the evil monster that lurks about them and causes havoc in the kingdom. b) This quote connects to one theme in Beowulf: Good conquers evil. Beowulf is the good in the quote and he is going to try and kill Grendel, who is the evil that had been terrorizing Hrothgar’s kingdom for twelve winters. Even if the evil is overwhelming, good will always triumph no matter how deadly or destructive the evil is. God always has a plan to conquer evil and Satan. Beowulf is th e hero or Messiah in the quote and the evil or sin he must defeat is Grendel.An interesting idea or words in this quote is that the author uses a biblical reference to compare Beowulf to the Messiah, Jesus. The author tries to tell us that they were both put on this world to defeat an evil in whatever form it takes. The author allows us to view them as good and that no evil can defeat them in a battle. The author frequently compares Beowulf to Jesus, portraying him as divine and immortal. Some may believe this to be blasphemy or others might see it as the author telling the readers that Beowulf is invincible and that he truly is a hero.

What Is the Political Ideology Behind Communism

Communism is a political ideology that believes that societies can achieve full social equality by eliminating private property. The concept of communism began with German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 1840s  but eventually spread around the world, being adapted for use in the Soviet Union, China, East Germany, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, and elsewhere. After World War II, the quick spread of communism was perceived as a threat to capitalist countries and led to the Cold War. By the 1970s, almost a hundred years after Marx’s death, more than one-third of the world’s population lived under some form of communism. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, however, communism has been on the decline. Who Invented Communism? Generally, it is the German philosopher and theorist Karl Marx (1818–1883) who is credited with founding the modern concept of communism. Marx and his friend, German socialist philosopher Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), first laid down the framework for the idea of communism in their seminal work,  The Communist Manifesto (originally published in German in 1848). The philosophy laid out by Marx and Engels has since been termed Marxism, as it differs fundamentally from the various forms of communism that succeeded it. The Concept of Marxism Karl Marx’s views came from his â€Å"materialist† view of history, meaning that he saw the unfolding of historical events as a product of the relationship between the different classes of any given society. The concept of â€Å"class,† in Marx’s view, was determined by whether any individual or group of individuals had access to ​the  property and to the wealth that such property could potentially generate. Traditionally, this concept was defined along very basic lines. In medieval Europe, for example, society was clearly divided between those who owned land and those who worked for those who owned the land. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the class lines now fell between those who owned the factories and those who worked in the factories. Marx called these factory owners the bourgeoisie (French for â€Å"middle class†) and the workers, the proletariat (from a Latin word that described a person with little or no property). Three Class Divisions Marx believed that it was these basic class divisions, dependent on the concept of property, that lead to revolutions and conflicts in societies; thus ultimately determining the direction of historical outcomes. As he stated in the opening paragraph of the first part of The Communist Manifesto: The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.* Marx believed that it would be this type of opposition and tension—between the ruling and the working classes—that would eventually reach a boiling point and lead to a socialist revolution. This, in turn, would lead to a system of government in which the large majority of the people, not just a small ruling elite, would dominate. Unfortunately, Marx was vague about what type of political system would materialize after a socialist revolution. He imagined the gradual emergence of a type of egalitarian utopia—communism—that would witness the elimination of elitism and the homogenization of the masses along economic and political lines. Indeed, Marx believed that as this communism emerged, it would gradually eliminate the very need for a state, government, or economic system altogether. The Dictatorship of the Proletariat In the interim, however, Marx felt there would be the need for a type of political system before communism could emerge out of the ashes of a socialist revolution—a temporary and transitional state that would have to be administered by the people themselves. Marx termed this interim system the â€Å"dictatorship of the proletariat.† Marx only mentioned the idea of this interim system a few times  and did not elaborate much further on it, which left the concept open to interpretation by subsequent communist revolutionaries and leaders. Thus, while Marx may have provided the comprehensive framework for the philosophical idea of communism, the ideology changed in subsequent years as leaders like Vladimir Lenin (Leninism), Joseph Stalin (Stalinism), Mao Zedong (Maoism), and others attempted to implement communism as a practical system of governance. Each of these leaders reshaped the fundamental elements of communism to meet their personal power interests or the interests and peculiarities of their respective societies and cultures. Leninism in Russia Russia was to become the first country to implement communism. However, it did not do so with an upsurge of the proletariat as Marx had predicted; instead, it was conducted by a small group of intellectuals led by Vladimir Lenin. After the first Russian Revolution took place in February of 1917 and saw the overthrow of the last of Russia’s czars, the Provisional Government was established. However, the Provisional Government that ruled in the czar’s stead was unable to administer the state’s affairs successfully and came under strong fire from its opponents, among them a very vocal party known as the Bolsheviks (led by Lenin). The Bolsheviks appealed to a large segment of the Russian population, most of them peasants, who had grown weary of World War I and the misery it had brought them. Lenin’s simple slogan of â€Å"Peace, Land, Bread† and the promise of an egalitarian society under the auspices of communism appealed to the population. In October of 1917—with popular support—the Bolsheviks managed to roust the Provisional Government and assume power, becoming the first communist party ever to rule. Holding onto power, on the other hand, proved to be challenging. Between 1917 and 1921, the Bolsheviks lost considerable support amongst the peasantry and even faced heavy opposition from within their own ranks. As a result, the new state clamped down heavily on free speech and political freedom. Opposition parties were banned from 1921 on and party members were not allowed to form opposing political factions amongst themselves. Economically, however, the new regime turned out to be more liberal, at least for as long as Vladimir Lenin remained alive. Small-scale capitalism and private enterprise were encouraged to help the economy recover and thus offset the discontent felt by the population.   Stalinism in the Soviet Union When Lenin died in January of 1924, the ensuing power vacuum further destabilized the regime. The emerging victor of this power struggle was Joseph Stalin, considered by many in the Communist Party (the new name of the Bolsheviks) to be a reconciler—a conciliatory influence who could bring the opposing party factions together. Stalin managed to reignite the enthusiasm felt for the socialist revolution during its first days by appealing to the emotions and patriotism of his countrymen. His style of governing, however, would tell a very different story. Stalin believed that the major powers of the world would try everything they could to oppose a communist regime in the Soviet Union (the new name of Russia). Indeed, the foreign investment needed to rebuild the economy was not forthcoming and Stalin believed he needed to generate the funds for the Soviet Union’s industrialization from within. Stalin turned to collecting surpluses from the peasantry and to foment a more socialist consciousness amongst them by collectivizing farms, thus forcing any individualist farmers to become more collectively oriented. In this way, Stalin believed he could further the state’s success on an ideological level, while also organizing the peasants in a more efficient manner so as to generate the necessary wealth for the industrialization of Russia’s major cities. Crushing Resistance Farmers had other ideas, however. They had originally supported the Bolsheviks due to the promise of land, which they would be able to run individually without interference. Stalin’s collectivization policies now seemed like a breaking of that promise. Furthermore, the new agrarian policies and the collection of surpluses had led to a famine in the countryside. By the 1930s, many of the Soviet Union’s peasants had become deeply anti-communist. Stalin decided to respond to this opposition by using force to coerce farmers into collectives and to quell any political or ideological opposition. This unleashed years of bloodletting known as the â€Å"Great Terror,† during which an estimated 20 million people suffered and died. In reality, Stalin led a totalitarian government, in which he was the dictator with absolute powers. His â€Å"communist† policies did not lead to the egalitarian utopia envisioned by Marx; instead, it led to the mass murder of his own people. Maoism in China Mao Zedong, already proudly nationalist and anti-Western, first became interested in Marxism-Leninism around 1919–1920. Then, when Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek cracked down on Communism in China in 1927, Mao went into hiding. For 20 years, Mao worked on building up a guerrilla army. Contrary to Leninism, which believed a communist revolution needed to be instigated by a small group of intellectuals, Mao believed that China’s huge class of peasants could rise up and start the communist revolution in China. In 1949, with the support of China’s peasants, Mao successfully took over China and made it a communist state. Chinas Great Leap Forward At first, Mao tried to follow Stalinism, but after Stalin’s death, he took his own path. From 1958 to 1960, Mao instigated the highly unsuccessful Great Leap Forward, in which he tried to force the Chinese population into communes in an attempt to jump-start industrialization through such things as backyard furnaces. Mao believed in nationalism and the peasants. Next, worried that China was going in the wrong direction ideologically, Mao ordered the Cultural Revolution in 1966, in which Mao advocated for anti-intellectualism and a return to the revolutionary spirit. The result was terror and anarchy. Although Maoism proved different than Stalinism in many ways, both China and the Soviet Union ended up with dictators who were willing to do anything to stay in power and who held a complete disregard for human rights. Communism Outside Russia and China The global proliferation of communism was thought to be inevitable by its supporters, even though prior to World War II, Mongolia was the only other nation under communist rule besides the Soviet Union. By the end of World War II, however, much of Eastern Europe had fallen under communist rule, primarily due to Stalin’s imposition of puppet regimes in those nations that had lain in the wake of the Soviet army’s advance towards Berlin. Following its defeat in 1945, Germany itself was divided into four occupied zones, eventually being split into West Germany (capitalist) and East Germany (Communist). Even Germany’s capital was split in half, with the Berlin Wall that divided it becoming an icon of the Cold War. East Germany wasn’t the only country that became Communist after World War II. Poland and Bulgaria became Communist in 1945 and 1946, respectively. This was followed shortly by Hungary in 1947 and Czechoslovakia in 1948. Then North Korea became Communist in 1948, Cuba in 1961, Angola and Cambodia in 1975, Vietnam (after the Vietnam War) in 1976, and Ethiopia in 1987. There were others as well. Despite the seeming success of communism, there were starting to be problems within many of these countries. Find out what caused the downfall of communism. Source Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto. (New York, NY: Signet Classic, 1998) 50.